Cyclamen coum
Cyclamen coum
(SIK-la-men KO-um)
Family: Primulaceae
Common name: Persian violet, eastern sowbread
Zone: 5 – 9
Height: 3 – 6 in (7.5 – 15 cm)
Spread: 6 in (15 cm)
Aspect: sun; partial sun; shade
Soil: fertile; humus-rich; well-draining
Water: drought tolerant once established
Description: Tuberous perennial with round or heart-shaped dark green leaves which may have some silver or grey markings. Flower colour ranges from white through shades of pink with darker staining at the base of the petals. This is a spring ephermeral…flowering from December through March, depending on region, and going dormant through the summer.
Special Notes: Native to the Mediterranean, this delightful winter-blooming perennial does well as an understory specimen in rhododendron, maple, birch, Douglas fir and western red cedar plantings.
Self-seeding, this plant naturalizes nicely with the help of ants who are attracted to the sugary coating on the seeds. Tiny seedlings start to appear in late fall. Once the plants are established, they are drought tolerant.
Generally, disease- and pest-resistant; deer resistant.
In our Zone 7a garden: I have a slowly increasing patch of Cyclamen coum flowers underneath the Acer campestre, (European hedge maple), which are purely delightful when they come into flower in the middle of winter for us.
This bed in the garden landscape is a difficult one due to the maple roots sucking up all of the nutrients…leaving little for the other plants residing there. Because of this, I am always impressed by the plants who manage to survive such harsh treatment.
Awards: Named by the Royal Horticultural Society as one of the top 200 plants of the last 200 years.
Caution: Toxic to dogs and cats if ingested.
Posted on February 19, 2020; updated on February 11, 2025
Crocosmia ‘Lucifer’
Crocosmia ‘Lucifer’
(kro-KOZ-mee-ah)
Family: Iridaceae
Common name: monbretia
Zone: 6 – 9
Height: 3 – 4 ft (90 – 120 cm)
Spread: 18 – 24 in (45 – 60 cm)
Aspect: full sun; partial shade
Soil: average; well-draining
Water: moderate
Description: An herbaceous perennial with a fairly upright, clumping habit. Medium green leaves, looking very much like long blades of grass, drape wonderfully in a vase-like form. Arching stems of eye-catching flame red, funnel-shaped flowers appear in mid-summer through autumn.
Special Notes: A native to South Africa, this is a good cut flower for floral arrangements. Attracts bees, butterflies and especially hummingbirds. Plant grows from corms. Seeds do not always come true. Seed is used largely in the production of new varieties. Established clumps should be divided every 3 – 4 years in spring or autumn. Few pests or disease.
In our Zone 7a garden: We love this plant for the hummingbirds and butterflies it attracts to our garden. However, John does tend to curse it every so many years because he has left its necessary maintenance division too long. And when he finally gets around to it, digging it up out of the ground for dividing has turned into a real grunt job. He has to bring out the no-nonsense tools – drill steel and axe.
Honestly, when you have to start roping the mass of blade-like leaves to keep them from smothering the smaller plants surrounding ‘Lucifer’ you have to know you should have divided the Crocosmia last year…or the year before. But to give John his due credit, he is very meticulous in maintaining his horticultural display to perfection. There just are not enough hours in the day to get to everything.
RHS Award of Garden Merit 1993
Posted on August 16, 2012; updated on February 11, 2025
Corydalis solida
Corydalis solida
(kor-ID-ah-liss SOL-ih-dah)
Family: Papaveraceae
Common name: fumewort; bird-in-a-bush
Zone: 4 – 8
Height: 6 – 10 in (15 – 25 cm)
Spread: 12 – 18 in (30 – 45 cm)
Aspect: full sun; partial shade
Soil: moderate; well-draining
Water: moderate
Description: A spring ephemeral perennial with a low mounding habit. Tuberous roots will slowly spread out to produce a soft carpet over time. Grey-green leaves are deeply divided and fern-like. Tubular-shaped flowers with an upswept spur sit atop a slender stalk. Floral colour can be blue-mauve to purple, or reddish and white. Whatever the colour, it will be consistent on one plant. Blooms mid-March through spring. Being an ephemeral, the plant completely disappears come summer.
Special Notes: Native to northern and central Europe and Asia where this plant grows in meadows and woodlands. British gardeners have been cultivating it in their gardens since late in the 16th century. Very easy care; relatively pest and disease free. Moderately drought tolerant, but does benefit from some watering. Deer and rabbit resistant. Propagation by division in early spring or by fresh seed in late spring. Seed needs a stratification period in dappled shade to germinate. Not deadheading the spent flowers right away is a guarantee you will have one or two new seedlings pop up the following year. (Try not to disturb the soil around your fumeworts too much or you may lessen your chances of new seedlings.)
In our Zone 7a garden: This plant was a new addition to my front garden in Spring 2015. A gift from a friend, it was broken into three clumps and planted under the Acer campestre (European field maple). Fast forward two or three years and it has become a lovely early spring presence in the bed outside the front room window. There is nothing like signs of growth and early flowers after the tough months of winter.
Posted on March 28, 2016; updated on February 5, 2025
Convallaria majalis
Convallaria majalis
(kon-vah-LAH-ree-ah mah-YAH-lis)
Family: Liliaceae; Asparagaceae
Common name: lily-of-the-valley; May lily; May bells; lady’s tears
Zone: 3 – 9
Height: 10 in (25 cm)
Spread: indefinite
Aspect: partial shade; full shade
Soil: fertile; moist; well-draining
Water: moderate
Description: An herbaceous perennial with a vigorous spreading habit. Elliptical, bright green leaves are upright in stature. A single stem arises from the centre of the plant in May from which dangle a multitude of wonderfully fragrant, pendulous, bell-shaped, white flowers. Red berries follow in summer.
Special Notes: Native to the temperate regions of North America, Asia and Europe. Good cut flower. Can be very invasive, especially in moist fertile soil, so best to keep this plant well contained. May have a problem with leaf spots. Leaves will turn brown on edges if plant is kept too dry. Deer and rabbit resistant. Propagate by fresh seed or by division in early spring or autumn.
In our Zone 7a garden: We grow this plant in a tiny bed at the foot of our back steps. Hemmed in by a concrete sidewalk and a concrete retaining wall keeps it from running amok. Every few years, we dig out a clump to ease the over-crowding. This keeps the patch looking nice and producing an abundance of blooms. And while I am talking about these deliciously scented flowers, I should also mention we get lots of blossoms even though our patch of lily-of-the-valley is in full shade. It is also under the overhang of the eaves in an area where we do not water.
The harsh conditions our Convallaria majalis plants are subjected to proves this species can take tough conditions and still throw out good blooms. Few things can surpass starting one’s day with a whiff of lily-of-the-valley as soon as you step outdoors.
Caution: All parts of the plant are toxic. Fatal if ingested in large quantities.
RHS Award of Garden Merit 1993
Posted on April 14, 2013; updated on January 29, 2025
Clematis viticella ‘Polish Spirit’
Clematis viticella ‘Polish Spirit’
(KLEM-uh-tis vih-tih-CHELL-ah)
Family: Ranunculaceae
Common name: Clematis ‘Polish Spirit’
Zone: 4 – 9
Height: 15 – 20 ft (4.5 – 6 m)
Spread: 3 – 5 ft (0.9 – 1.5 m)
Aspect: full sun; partial shade
Soil: humus-rich; well-draining
Water: regular
Description: A vigorous growing, deciduous vine. Masses of 3 – 4 inch (7.5 – 10 cm) velvety, violet-blue flowers are set off by rich, dark green leaves appear in mid- to late-June straight through until a killing frost.
Special Notes: This cultivar of clematis was discovered in the monastery garden in Warsaw, Poland of the well-known clematis breeder, Brother Stefan Franczak, in 1984. Plant 2 year old seedlings 12 – 18 inches (30 – 45 cm) deep in a well-prepared hole amended with compost or well-aged manure and a complete fertilizer. Pruning Group C (or Group 3); flowers on new wood. Cut vine back to 12 inches (30 cm) in late winter or early spring. Best to strap vine if grown on a trellis and exposed to high winds. Very easy care; relatively pest and disease free, including clematis wilt. Propagation by internodal cuttings in spring.
In our Zone 7a garden: This is one of our favourite clematis. Not only is it beautiful, but it is easy care and long blooming. The previous year’s spent growth on ‘Polish Spirit’ is cut back to a height of 8 – 10 inches (20 – 25 cm) in late winter. And that’s it, pretty much. You might have to tuck the odd rogue branch back into its trellis and you do have to water the vine on a fairly regular basis.
But be prepared to wait until about mid-July before the violet-blue flowers fully burst open and start their summer show. And what a show it is! The vine will be thickly covered in flowers straight through until the first frost which is typically sometime in October in our garden.
Adjusting the soil pH with ashes or a sprinkle of lime scratched in around the vine’s base and making sure it has regular water will ensure this clematis remains pest-free.
RHS Award of Garden Merit 1993; Great Plant Pick 2002
Posted on October 12, 2012; updated on January 29, 2025
